Electronics

Introduction The avalanche photodiode (APD) is a highly responsive semiconductor device that converts light into electric signals using the photoelectric effect. First designed in 1952 by the Japanese engineer Jun-ichi Nishizawa, the APD has become a key component in various applications, especially in fiber-optic communication systems. In recent years, graphene layers have been added to […]

Introduction A voltage amplifier is an electronic device that takes an input signal and improves its strength without changing the shape. It can handle small or large signal sizes depending on the function and configuration, and this article provides a brief look at how it depends on the relationship between supply, load, and current. Such

Introduction In modern communication systems, the need to transmit signals across long distances has led to advancements in technology and an increase in demand for efficient methods. The properties of a high-frequency signal, such as amplitude and phase, can be changed during the process of modulation to match a low-frequency baseband signal. Over time, digital

What is a Thermopile? A thermopile is a device designed to convert thermal energy into electrical energy. It works based on the principle of the thermoelectric effect, where thermocouples made of dissimilar metals are exposed to a temperature difference. These thermocouples are usually connected in series or parallel to form a pile, which helps in

What is a Multilayer PCB? A multilayer PCB is different from a standard printed circuit because it uses more than two layers of copper. At least a minimum of three layers of foil, core, and materials are sandwiched together with prepreg (PP) or adhesive, forming strong boards. The multilayer boards are linked through vias, NC

What is Flex PCB? A flexible board like FPC or FPCB is designed with printed circuits and components that can be bent, folded, or even twisted without losing stability. Built on polyimide film and other substrates, the material ensures thermal stability and high Flexibility, making it reliable for automotive, medical, consumer, and wearables devices. Its